System Unit,Input & Output and Secondary Storage

Modulation
-is a process of varing one or more properties of high frequency periodic waveform- carrier signal
-contains information to be transmitted.
-done in a similar fashion to a musician modulating a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by varing its volume, timing and pitch.
-enable the carrier signal to transport the information in the modulation signal to some destination.

Demodulation

- is the act of extracting the original information bearing signal from a modulated carrier wave.

-used in connection with radio receivers, but many other systems use many kinds of demoulators.

-A demodulator is an electronic circuit (or computer program in a software defined radio) that is used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave.

Bandwidth

- a rate of data transfer, bit rate or throughput, measured in bits per second (bps)

-linear algebra, the width of the non zero terms around the diagonal of a matrix.

-describes the width of the convolution kernel used

-a normative expected range of linguistic behaviour in language expectancy theory.

TCP/IP

-a model which a description framework for computer network protocols created in the 1970s  by DARPA

-evolved from ARPANET which was the world first wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet.

- can be called as Internet model or the DoD Model

-describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols

-provides end to end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.

Node

-in Latin node pronouced as nodus, 'knot'

-a connection point, either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint (some terminal equipment).

-definition of a node depends on the network and protocol layer referred to.

- a physical network node is an active electronicdevice that is attached to a network, and is capable of sending, receiving or forwarding information over a communications channel.

Client

- an application or system that accesses a remote service on another computer system

-known  as a server , is the way of a network

-first appled todevices that were not capable of running their own stand alone programs.

-able to interact with remote computers via a network

-can run on the same machine and connect via Unix domain sockets.

-might connect to a service operating on a possibly remote system through the Internet protocol suite.

Server

- a server application, operating system, computer or applicance

Examples:

• Application server, a server dedicated to running certain software applications
• Catalog server, a central search point for information across a distributed network
• Communication server, carrier grade computing platform for communications networks
• Database server, provides database services to other computer programs or computers
• File server, provides file services

Network Operating System

- is referred to as the Dialoguer which is the software that runs on a server

-enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications and other networking functions.

-designed to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a (LAN)

-Examples of NOS - Microsoft Winows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX and LINUX.

Network Administrator

-is a person responsible for the maintance of computer hardware and software that comprises a computer network.
-includes deploying, configuring, maintaing and monitoring active network equipment.
- is normally at the level of technical or network staff in organizations.
- will concentrate on the overall integrity of the network, server deployment, security, and ensuring that the network connectivity throughout a company's WAN infrastructure is on par with technical consideartions at the network level of an organization's hierachy.

Secondary Storage

Disk Caching

Disk cache may refer to:
-Disk buffer, the small amount of buffer memory present on a hard drive.
-Page cache, the cache of disk pages kept by the operating systems, stored in unused main memory.
-General application-level caching of data stored on the disk.
-Readyboost, a non-volatile disk cache stored on flash memory device,in Windows Vista and Windows 7.

File Compression

- allows users to make one or more files into a smaller zip file.
-is  the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation would use.
-helps reduce the consumption of expensive resources, such as hard disk space or transmission bandwidth.

File Decompression

-reduces the size of a file by minimizing redundant data.

- redundant data can be frequently occuring characters, such as the space character, or common vowels, such as the letters e and a.

-Data compression creates a compressed version of a file by minimizing this redundant data.

Internet hard Disk

- a magneticdisk on which you can store computer data.
- Hard is used to distinguish it from a soft, floppy, disk.
-consists of several platters, one platter needs two read/write heads, one for each side.
-attacted to a single access arm for not moving indepently.
-Has the same numeber of tracks, and a track location that cuts across all platters is called a cylinder.

Optical Disk Drive

- a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.

- an integral part of stand-alone consumer appliances such CD players, DVD players and DVD recorders.

- some can oly read from discs, but recent drives are both generally readers and recorders.

-these recorders can be called or known as burners or writers.



Solid State Storage

- a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data with the intention of providing access in the sane manner of a manner of traditional block i/o hard disk drive.
-known as SSD ( solid state drive)
-devices contain spinning disks and moveable read/write heads.
-use microchips which retain data in non-volatile memory chips and contain no moving parts.

Input and Output

Ergonomic Keyboard

- a computer keyboard designed with ergonomic considerations
- minimize muscle strain and a host of related problems.
- constructed in V shape ,allows right and left hands to type at a slight angle more natural to human form.
- such as split keyboard, contoured keyboard and angled split keyboard.

Inkjet Printer

- A class of printer in which small ink droplets are sprayed electrostatically from a nozzle onto a paper.
- Very quiet in comparison to impact printers.
- Example, Olivetti BJ 10.

Laser Printer

- A common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper.
- with digital photocopies and multifunction printers (MFPs)
- employ a xerographic printing process,  but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor.


Magnetic- ink Character Recognition

- known as MICR
- used by banking industry to facilitate the processing of cheques
- allows technology to read numbers or information off printed documents.
-characters are printed in special typefaces with a magnetic ink or toner which contains iron oxide.
-Character pass over the head before it produces an unique waveform which can be identified by the system.

Optical- character Recognition

- recognized as OCR
- Mechanical translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine- encoded text
- convert books, documents into electronic files, to computerize a record- keeping system in an office or to publish text on websites.
-possible in editing the text, searching vocabularies or phase, storing it more compactly, displaying or printing a copy free of scanning artifacts and apply techniques.

Optical Mark Recognition

- work with dedicated scanner device that shines a beam of light onto the form paper.
-using form which are preprinted onto 'transoptic' paper and measure the amount of light which passes through the paper, thus a mark on either side of the paper will reduce the amount of light passing through the paper.

System Unit

RAM

• is a form of computer data storage.
• Pronounced ramm, acronym for random access memory 
• a type of computer can be accessed randomly
• byte of memory can be accessed without preceding bytes.
• found in computer or other devices, such as printers.

Cache Memory

• the cache is a small amount of high speed memory, usually with a memory cycle comparable to the time required by the CPU fetch one instruction.
• is a components that transparently stores data so that future data for the requests can be served faster.
• duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere.
• request where is contained in the cache can be served by simply reading the cache that is comparatively faster.
• caches have proven themselves in accessing patterns of typical computer applications have locality of reference.

Flash Memory

• Is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed.
• used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid state drivers for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products.
• offers fast read access times and better kinetic shock resistance than hard disks.
• 2 different technologies - NOR and NAND -- to map data. NOR flash provides high speed random access, reading and writing data in specific memory locations. NAND flash reads and writes sequentially at high speed, handling data in small blocks called pages and quickly transferring whole pages of data. 

Graphic Cards

• is an expansion whose function is to generate output images to a display.
• offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering 3D scenes or 2D graphics, video capture, TV tuner adapter, MPEG-2/ MPEG-4 decoding, Firewire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor).

Sound Card

• Is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. 
• applied to external audio interfaces that use to generate sound, as opposed to using hardware inside the PC.
• Providing audio components for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video, presentation, education and entertainment(games) and video projection.

Network Interface Card

• is also known as network interface controller, network adapter, LAN adapter
• is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.
• implemented on expansion cards that plug into a computer bus, the low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built ionto the motherboard.

Plug & Play

• a term used to describe the characteristic of a computer bus, or device specification, which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system.

• refers to both the booth-time assignment of device resources, and hotplug systems such as USB and Firewire.

Serial Port

• is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time( contrast parallel port).
• Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data transfer through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals and various peripherals.
• indentifiess hardware more or less complaint to the RS-232 standard, intended to interface with a modem or with a similar communication device.

Parallel Port

• is a type of interface found on computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting various peripherals.
• is a parallel communication physical interface.
• is also known as a printer port or centronics port.
•  IEEE 1284 standard defines the bi-directional version of port, which allows the transmission and reception of data bits at the same time.

Universal Serial bus Port

• is a specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller (usually a personal computer), which has effectively replaced a variety of earlirer interfaces such as serial and parallel ports.
• can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyborads, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, Network Adapters, and external hard drives.

Firewire port

• is a serial computer port that uses Firewire technology to transfer data rapidly from one electronic device to another.
• has the ability to interact with a number of different devices.
• Fireware connection can provide an ideal way to connect a scanner to a computer system.

Ethernet port

• is an opening on computer network equipment that Ethernet cables plug into, those are alternatively called jacks or sockets.
• is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area networks(LAN).
• defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the physiacl layer of the standard networking model.
• connecting the device to a wired network.

High Definition Multimedia Interface

• HDMI is a compact audio/ video interface for trasmitting uncompressed digital data.
• is a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such a radio frequency (RF) coaxial cable, composite video, S-video, SCART, component video, D-terminal, or VGA.
• connects digital audio/video sources and compatible digital devices, computer monitors, video projectors, and digital televisions.

Basic and Specialized Software Application

Graphical User Interface (GUI)


GUI is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices with images rather than text commands. It represents the information and actions available to a user through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces,typed command labels or text navigation.

Word Processor


Word processor is using a computer to create, edit and print documents. Of all computer applications, word processing is the most common. To perform  word processing, you need a computer, a special program called word processor, and a printer. It also enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display it on screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from keyboard, and print it on a printer.

Spreadsheet

A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper, accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells usually in a two-dimensional matrix or grid consisting of rows and columns. Each cell contains alphanumeric text, numeric values of formulas which define how the content of the cell is to be calculated from the content of any other cell( or combination of cells) each time any cell is updated.

DBMS

DBMS stands for data management system which is a collection of prgrams that help you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are plenty of different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems which run on mainframes. Computerized library systems and flight reservation systems are the examples of database applications.

Utility Suites

Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. A single pieceof utility software is generally called a utility(abbr.util) or tool. It is for users to do things like creating text documents, playing games, listening to music or surfing the web.

Web Authoring

Web authoring is a category of software that enables the user to develop a web site in a dekstop publishinh format. The software generates the required HTML coding for the layout of Web pages based on what the user designs. Typically, the user can toggle back and forth between the graphical design and the HTML code and make changes to the Web page in either the design of the accompanying code.

Audio Editing Software

This audio editing software is a full featured professionalaudio and music editor for Windows and MacOSX. It lets you record and edit music, voice and other audio recordings. When editing audio files you can cut , copy and paste parts of recordings then add effects like echo, amplification and noise reduction. WavePad works as a wav or mp3 editor but it also supports a number of other file formats including vox, gsm,wma, real audio, au, aif, flac ogg and more.

Bitmap Image

A bitmap is a type of memory organisation or image filr format used to store digital images. The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, a spatailly mapped array of bits. Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps whether synthetic or photographic, i files or memory.

Desktop Publishing Program

Desktop publishing program combines a personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout software to create publication documents on a computer for either large scale publishing or small scale local multifunction peripheral output and distribution.

HTML Editor

A HTML editor is a software application for creating web pages. Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. Many editors work not only with HTML, but also with related technologies such as CSS,XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript.

Image Editor

Image editor is a software that allows images to be edited and also converted to different graphic formats. Image editors typically deal with only bitmapped images such as GIFs, JPEGs and BMPs; however, some editors support both bitmaps and illustrations. Common functions are manually cropping and resizing the image and using ''filters'' to adjust bring brightness, contrast and colors. A myriad of filters are available for special effects.

Multimedia

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun( a medium with multiple conteny forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.

 

Vector Image

Vector images is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based on mathematical equations, to represent images in computer graphics. Its formats are comlementary to raster graphics, which is the representation of images as an array of pixels , as is typically used for the representation of photographic images.

The Internet, The Web & Electronic Commerce

URL

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator which specifies where an indentified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it. The best- known example of the use of URLs is for the addresses of web pages on the World Wide Web, such as http://www.example.com/.

HTML

HTML ( Hyper text Markup Language) is a predominant markup language for web pages and also is the basic building-blocks of webpages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (<html>), within the web page content. HTML tags normally come in pairs like <h1> and</h1>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag( they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tables, images, etc.

Javascript

Javascript is a prototype-based, object-oriented scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has the first class functions. It  is also considered a functional programming language like Scheme and OCaml because it has closures and supports higher order functions.

Applets

An applet is a program written in the Java programming language that can be included in an HTML page, much in the same way an image is included in a page. When you use a Jave technology-enabled brower to view a page that contains an applets, the applet's code is transferred to your system and executed by the brower's Jave Virtual Machine (JVM). For information and examples on how to include an applet in an HTML page, refer to this description of the <APPLET> tag.

Blogs

A blog( a blend of the term web log) is a type of website or part of website. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, description of events, or other material such as graphics or video.
Entries are commonly displayed in reverse- chronological order. Blog can also be used as a verd, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

Wikis

A wiki is a website that allows the creation and editing of ant number of interlinked web pages via a web browser using a simplified markup language or a WYSIWYG text editor. Wikis are typically powered by wiki software and often used to create collaborative works. Examples include community websites, corporate intranets, knowledge management systems, and note services. The software can also used for personal notetaking.

FTP

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one host to another over a TCP- based network, such as the Internet. FTP is vuilt on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and sever. FTP users may authenticate themselevs using a clear-text sign in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

Plug-in

A plug-in (or plugin) is a set of software components that adds specific abilities to a larger software application. If supported, plug-ins enable customizing the functionally of an application. For example, plug-ins are commomly ysed in web browsers to play video, scan for viruses, and display new file types. well-known plug-ins examples include Adobe Flash Player and Quick Time.

Filters

In computing, filter(high-order function), a higher-order function that processes a data structure( typically a list) in some order to produce a new data structure for containing exactly those elements of the original data structure for which a given predicate returns the boolean value true.

Internet Security Suite

Internet Security Suite is available for Microsoft Windows. It offers anti-malware protection, a personal firewll and a Host-based intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) called Defense+ version 4.0 and later also includes a sandbox feature for isolating unknown applications.